Broadcast Variables

From the official documentation about Broadcast Variables:

Broadcast variables allow the programmer to keep a read-only variable cached on each machine rather than shipping a copy of it with tasks.

And later in the document:

Explicitly creating broadcast variables is only useful when tasks across multiple stages need the same data or when caching the data in deserialized form is important.

Figure 1. Broadcasting a value to executors

To use a broadcast value in a Spark transformation you have to create it first using SparkContext.broadcast and then use value method to access the shared value. Learn it in Introductory Example section.

The Broadcast feature in Spark uses SparkContext to create broadcast values and BroadcastManager and ContextCleaner to manage their lifecycle.

sparkcontext broadcastmanager contextcleaner.png

Figure 2. SparkContext to broadcast using BroadcastManager and ContextCleaner

Tip	Not only can Spark developers use broadcast variables for efficient data distribution, but Spark itself uses them quite often. A very notable use case is when Spark distributes tasks to executors for their execution. That does change my perspective on the role of broadcast variables in Spark.

`Broadcast` Spark Developer-Facing Contract

The developer-facing Broadcast contract allows Spark developers to use it in their applications.

Table 1. Broadcast API
Method Name	Description
`id`	The unique identifier
value	The value
unpersist	Asynchronously deletes cached copies of this broadcast on the executors.
destroy	Destroys all data and metadata related to this broadcast variable.
`toString`	The string representation

Lifecycle of Broadcast Variable

You can create a broadcast variable of type T using SparkContext.broadcast method.

scala> val b = sc.broadcast(1)
b: org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast[Int] = Broadcast(0)

Tip	Enable `DEBUG` logging level for `org.apache.spark.storage.BlockManager` logger to debug `broadcast` method. Read BlockManager to find out how to enable the logging level.

With DEBUG logging level enabled, you should see the following messages in the logs:

DEBUG BlockManager: Put block broadcast_0 locally took  430 ms
DEBUG BlockManager: Putting block broadcast_0 without replication took  431 ms
DEBUG BlockManager: Told master about block broadcast_0_piece0
DEBUG BlockManager: Put block broadcast_0_piece0 locally took  4 ms
DEBUG BlockManager: Putting block broadcast_0_piece0 without replication took  4 ms

After creating an instance of a broadcast variable, you can then reference the value using value method.

scala> b.value
res0: Int = 1

Note	`value` method is the only way to access the value of a broadcast variable.

With DEBUG logging level enabled, you should see the following messages in the logs:

DEBUG BlockManager: Getting local block broadcast_0
DEBUG BlockManager: Level for block broadcast_0 is StorageLevel(disk, memory, deserialized, 1 replicas)

When you are done with a broadcast variable, you should destroy it to release memory.

scala> b.destroy

With DEBUG logging level enabled, you should see the following messages in the logs:

DEBUG BlockManager: Removing broadcast 0
DEBUG BlockManager: Removing block broadcast_0_piece0
DEBUG BlockManager: Told master about block broadcast_0_piece0
DEBUG BlockManager: Removing block broadcast_0

Before destroying a broadcast variable, you may want to unpersist it.

scala> b.unpersist

Getting the Value of Broadcast Variable — `value` Method

value: T

value returns the value of a broadcast variable. You can only access the value until it is destroyed after which you will see the following SparkException exception in the logs:

org.apache.spark.SparkException: Attempted to use Broadcast(0) after it was destroyed (destroy at <console>:27)
  at org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast.assertValid(Broadcast.scala:144)
  at org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast.value(Broadcast.scala:69)
  ... 48 elided

Internally, value makes sure that the broadcast variable is valid, i.e. destroy was not called, and, if so, calls the abstract getValue method.

Note	`getValue` is abstracted and broadcast variable implementations are supposed to provide a concrete behaviour. Refer to TorrentBroadcast.

Unpersisting Broadcast Variable — `unpersist` Methods

unpersist(): Unit
unpersist(blocking: Boolean): Unit

Destroying Broadcast Variable — `destroy` Method

destroy(): Unit

destroy removes a broadcast variable.

Note	Once a broadcast variable has been destroyed, it cannot be used again.

If you try to destroy a broadcast variable more than once, you will see the following SparkException exception in the logs:

scala> b.destroy
org.apache.spark.SparkException: Attempted to use Broadcast(0) after it was destroyed (destroy at <console>:27)
  at org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast.assertValid(Broadcast.scala:144)
  at org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast.destroy(Broadcast.scala:107)
  at org.apache.spark.broadcast.Broadcast.destroy(Broadcast.scala:98)
  ... 48 elided

Internally, destroy executes the internal destroy (with blocking enabled).

Removing Persisted Data of Broadcast Variable — `destroy` Internal Method

destroy(blocking: Boolean): Unit

destroy destroys all data and metadata of a broadcast variable.

Note	`destroy` is a `private[spark]` method.

Internally, destroy marks a broadcast variable destroyed, i.e. the internal _isValid flag is disabled.

You should see the following INFO message in the logs:

INFO TorrentBroadcast: Destroying Broadcast([id]) (from [destroySite])

In the end, doDestroy method is executed (that broadcast implementations are supposed to provide).

Note	`doDestroy` is a part of the Broadcast contract for broadcast implementations so they can provide their own custom behaviour.

Introductory Example

Let’s start with an introductory example to check out how to use broadcast variables and build your initial understanding.

You’re going to use a static mapping of interesting projects with their websites, i.e. Map[String, String] that the tasks, i.e. closures (anonymous functions) in transformations, use.

scala> val pws = Map("Apache Spark" -> "http://spark.apache.org/", "Scala" -> "http://www.scala-lang.org/")
pws: scala.collection.immutable.Map[String,String] = Map(Apache Spark -> http://spark.apache.org/, Scala -> http://www.scala-lang.org/)

scala> val websites = sc.parallelize(Seq("Apache Spark", "Scala")).map(pws).collect
...
websites: Array[String] = Array(http://spark.apache.org/, http://www.scala-lang.org/)

It works, but is very ineffective as the pws map is sent over the wire to executors while it could have been there already. If there were more tasks that need the pws map, you could improve their performance by minimizing the number of bytes that are going to be sent over the network for task execution.

Enter broadcast variables.

val pwsB = sc.broadcast(pws)
val websites = sc.parallelize(Seq("Apache Spark", "Scala")).map(pwsB.value).collect
// websites: Array[String] = Array(http://spark.apache.org/, http://www.scala-lang.org/)

Semantically, the two computations - with and without the broadcast value - are exactly the same, but the broadcast-based one wins performance-wise when there are more executors spawned to execute many tasks that use pws map.

Introduction

Broadcast is part of Spark that is responsible for broadcasting information across nodes in a cluster.

You use broadcast variable to implement map-side join, i.e. a join using a map. For this, lookup tables are distributed across nodes in a cluster using broadcast and then looked up inside map (to do the join implicitly).

When you broadcast a value, it is copied to executors only once (while it is copied multiple times for tasks otherwise). It means that broadcast can help to get your Spark application faster if you have a large value to use in tasks or there are more tasks than executors.

It appears that a Spark idiom emerges that uses broadcast with collectAsMap to create a Map for broadcast. When an RDD is map over to a smaller dataset (column-wise not record-wise), collectAsMap, and broadcast, using the very big RDD to map its elements to the broadcast RDDs is computationally faster.

val acMap = sc.broadcast(myRDD.map { case (a,b,c,b) => (a, c) }.collectAsMap)
val otherMap = sc.broadcast(myOtherRDD.collectAsMap)

myBigRDD.map { case (a, b, c, d) =>
  (acMap.value.get(a).get, otherMap.value.get(c).get)
}.collect

Use large broadcasted HashMaps over RDDs whenever possible and leave RDDs with a key to lookup necessary data as demonstrated above.

Spark comes with a BitTorrent implementation.

It is not enabled by default.

`Broadcast` Contract

The Broadcast contract is made up of the following methods that custom Broadcast implementations are supposed to provide:

getValue
doUnpersist
doDestroy

Note	TorrentBroadcast is the only implementation of the `Broadcast` contract.

Note	`Broadcast` Spark Developer-Facing Contract is the developer-facing `Broadcast` contract that allows Spark developers to use it in their applications.

Broadcast variables